IFA Fitness ABC's Training Manual & Certification Course Intentionally left blank International Fitness Association Fitness Training Manual Version 7.0 Fitness ABCs written by Chuck Krautblatt, Personal Trainer and Aerobics Instructor Copyright 1995, 1998, 2000 by IFA November 29, 2002 Intentionally left blank i TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD – IMPORTANT......................................................................................................................7 NUTRITION................................................................................................................................................9 MACRONUTRIENTS ..................................................................................................................................................9 Proteins ..............................................................................................................................................................9 Carbohydrates ..................................................................................................................................................12 Fats...................................................................................................................................................................13 Water ................................................................................................................................................................14 MICRONUTRIENTS .................................................................................................................................................16 Vitamins............................................................................................................................................................16 Minerals............................................................................................................................................................17 ADDITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS...................................................................................................................................18 Androstenedione (Androstene) ..........................................................................................................................18 Chromium.........................................................................................................................................................19 Choline .............................................................................................................................................................19 Creatine Monohydrate......................................................................................................................................19 DHEA...............................................................................................................................................................19 Ephedra (Ma Huang) .......................................................................................................................................19 GABA................................................................................................................................................................20 L-Glutamine......................................................................................................................................................21 Synephrine ........................................................................................................................................................21 Yohimbe ............................................................................................................................................................21 DAILY CALORIC REQUIREMENTS...........................................................................................................................22 PROTEIN, CARBOHYDRATE AND FAT DIETARY REQUIREMENTS.............................................................................23 FOOD PYRAMID GUIDE..........................................................................................................................................23 USDA RDA..........................................................................................................................................................24 EXAMPLE OF LOW FAT FOODS ...............................................................................................................................25 ALCOHOL'S EFFECT ON METABOLISM.....................................................................................................................26 CAFFEINE'S EFFECT ON METABOLISM.....................................................................................................................26 EATING DISORDERS...............................................................................................................................................26 POPULAR FAD DIETS .............................................................................................................................................26 GLYCEMIC INDEX..................................................................................................................................................27 PHYSIOLOGY..........................................................................................................................................29 MUSCLE FIBER TYPES ...........................................................................................................................................29 ENERGY PRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................29 CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM .....................................................................................................30 KINESIOLOGY.........................................................................................................................................31 ANATOMY .............................................................................................................................................................31 MUSCLE ACTION ...................................................................................................................................................32 JOINT ACTION........................................................................................................................................................33 AEROBIC TRAINING............................................................................................................................... 35 BENEFITS...............................................................................................................................................................35 WEEKLY REQUIREMENTS AND LIMITATIONS ..........................................................................................................35 DIET REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................................................36 TYPES OF AEROBIC ACTIVITIES ..............................................................................................................................36 PREGNANCY..........................................................................................................................................................36 MAXIMUM HEART RATE .......................................................................................................................................37 RESTING HEART RATE...........................................................................................................................................37 TARGET HEART RATE ...........................................................................................................................................37 RECOVERY HEART RATE.......................................................................................................................................40 RATING OF PERCEIVED EXERTION (RPE) ...............................................................................................................40 ii BLOOD PRESSURE .................................................................................................................................................40 PROPER ATTIRE FOR SPECIFIC ACTIVITY ................................................................................................................41 SPECIFIC AEROBIC ACTIVITIES ...............................................................................................................................41 Running ............................................................................................................................................................41 Stair Master ......................................................................................................................................................41 Stationary Bicycle.............................................................................................................................................41 TEACHING AEROBICS ............................................................................................................................................42 Class Preparation.............................................................................................................................................42 Intensity and Complexity..................................................................................................................................42 Components of an Aerobic Class.......................................................................................................................43 Types of Classes ...............................................................................................................................................44 Choreography...................................................................................................................................................45 Injury Prevention and Treatment ......................................................................................................................46 STEP AEROBICS .....................................................................................................................................................47 The Basics.........................................................................................................................................................47 The Class ..........................................................................................................................................................47 BASIC STEP MOVES...............................................................................................................................................48 Basic Left (Reverse for Basic Right)..................................................................................................................48 V-Step ...............................................................................................................................................................48 A-Step ...............................................................................................................................................................48 Turn Step ..........................................................................................................................................................49 Z-Step ...............................................................................................................................................................49 X-Step ...............................................................................................................................................................50 KICKBOXING AEROBICS ........................................................................................................................................51 The Class ..........................................................................................................................................................51 KICKBOXING AEROBIC MOVES..............................................................................................................................52 The Jab Punch..................................................................................................................................................52 The Round House Punch ..................................................................................................................................52 The Power Punch .............................................................................................................................................52 The Left Hook Punch ........................................................................................................................................53 The Front Kick - Forward Leg ..........................................................................................................................53 The Front Kick - Rearward Leg ........................................................................................................................53 The Side Kick - Left Kick (do opposite for right kick) .......................................................................................54 The Round House Kick.....................................................................................................................................54 PLYOMETRIC TRAINING ........................................................................................................................55 BENEFITS...............................................................................................................................................................55 WEIGHT TRAINING.................................................................................................................................57 BENEFITS...............................................................................................................................................................57 CIRCUIT TRAINING ................................................................................................................................................57 OVERLOAD PRINCIPLE...........................................................................................................................................57 SPECIFICITY PRINCIPLE..........................................................................................................................................58 FREE WEIGHTS VS. MACHINES..............................................................................................................................58 PROPER LIFTING TECHNIQUE.................................................................................................................................58 SETS AND REPETITIONS .........................................................................................................................................60 VARIATIONS OF SETS AND REPETITIONS .................................................................................................................61 WEEKLY REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................................................................................61 DIET REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................................................61 MUSCLE EXERCISE CROSS REFERENCE ...........................................................................................63 SAMPLE WORKOUT............................................................................................................................... 65 FLEXIBILITY TEST..................................................................................................................................................67 ONE MINUTE SIT-UP TEST ....................................................................................................................................68 PUSHUP TEST ........................................................................................................................................................69 3 MINUTE STEP TEST ............................................................................................................................................70 iii BODY COMPOSITION..............................................................................................................................................70 STRETCHING..........................................................................................................................................73 BENEFITS...............................................................................................................................................................73 TYPES OF STRETCHING..........................................................................................................................................73 PRECAUTIONS........................................................................................................................................................73 YOGA .......................................................................................................................................................75 BENEFITS...............................................................................................................................................................75 REQUIREMENTS.....................................................................................................................................................75 GUIDELINES...........................................................................................................................................................75 PREGNANCY...........................................................................................................................................77 GENERAL INFORMATION .......................................................................................................................................77 AEROBIC TRAINING...............................................................................................................................................77 WEIGHT TRAINING ................................................................................................................................................77 TRIMESTER SPECIFIC .............................................................................................................................................78 EXERCISES ............................................................................................................................................................78 NUTRITION ............................................................................................................................................................79 POST PREGNANCY.................................................................................................................................................79 SENIOR FITNESS....................................................................................................................................81 GENERAL INFORMATION .......................................................................................................................................81 AEROBIC TRAINING...............................................................................................................................................81 WEIGHT TRAINING ................................................................................................................................................82 NUTRITION ............................................................................................................................................................82 EXERCISE INJURY .................................................................................................................................83 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................83 ACUTE INJURY ......................................................................................................................................................83 CHRONIC INJURY...................................................................................................................................................83 OVERUSE INJURIES................................................................................................................................................83 CHONDROMALACIA AND PATELLOFEMORAL SYNDROME .......................................................................................84 PLANTAR FASCIITIS AND NEUROMAS .....................................................................................................................84 TENDONITIS, ARTHRITIS, BURSITIS ........................................................................................................................84 SHIN SPLINTS AND COMPARTMENT SYNDROMES....................................................................................................84 BREATHING REACTIONS ........................................................................................................................................85 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS................................................................................................................................85 HEAT RELATED INJURIES.......................................................................................................................................86 HEAT CRAMPS.......................................................................................................................................................86 HEAT EXHAUSTION AND HEAT STROKE .................................................................................................................86 EMERGENCY RESPONSE ........................................................................................................................................86 TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ..............................................................................................................................87 HYPOTHERMIA AND FROSTBITE.............................................................................................................................87 IFA FITNESS FORMS.............................................................................................................................. 89 FITNESS EVALUATION – PART 1 .............................................................................................................................89 Medical History................................................................................................................................................89 FITNESS EVALUATION – PART 2 .............................................................................................................................90 Pulmonary Function.........................................................................................................................................90 Respiratory Function........................................................................................................................................90 Body Composition - Anthropometric Measurements.........................................................................................90 Body Composition – Skinfold Test.....................................................................................................................90 Flexibility Test ..................................................................................................................................................90 3-Minute Step Test............................................................................................................................................90 FITNESS EVALUATION – PART 3 .............................................................................................................................91 Muscular Strength Test.....................................................................................................................................91 iv Postural Assessments........................................................................................................................................91 DAILY FITNESS INVENTORY ..................................................................................................................................92 AEROBIC PROGRESS ..............................................................................................................................................93 WORKOUT ROOM PROGRESS SHEET 1....................................................................................................................93 WORKOUT ROOM PROGRESS SHEET 2....................................................................................................................95 PHYSICIAN'S RELEASE FORM ..............................................................................................................99 ANATOMY CHART................................................................................................................................101 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING............................................................................................ 103 VERSION HISTORY ............................................................................................................................... 106 IFA TRAINER CERTIFICATION TEST ANSWER FORM ......................................................................107 IFA TRAINER CERTIFICATION TEST QUESTIONS.............................................................................109 CARDIOVASCULAR ..............................................................................................................................................109 PHYSIOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................................111 KINESIOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................................113 AEROBIC TRAINING.............................................................................................................................................115 WEIGHT TRAINING ..............................................................................................................................................117 MUSCLE GROUPS/EXERCISES..............................................................................................................................119 IFA SPORTS NUTRITION CERTIFICATION TEST ANSWER FORM...................................................121 IFA SPORTS NUTRITION CERTIFICATION TEST QUESTIONS.........................................................123 NUTRIENTS PART 1..............................................................................................................................................123 NUTRIENTS PART 2..............................................................................................................................................125 SUPPLEMENTS .....................................................................................................................................................127 NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS .............................................................................................................................129 NUTRITIONAL ABUSES.........................................................................................................................................131 CLIENT SCENARIOS..............................................................................................................................................133 MAIL-IN PAYMENT FORM.....................................................................................................................137 Orlando, FL 32828.........................................................................................................................................137 v Intentionally left blank 7 Foreword – Important The information contained in this manual is intended as a fitness guide and is not intended to replace a personal trainer. Remember; please consult your doctor before beginning any type of workout or diet program. Factors unknown to you may have an adverse affect on your physical well being even including death. You may think you’re in physical shape to pursue the activities described in this document; only your doctor is qualified to make that decision. Tell him that you are planning to begin an exercise program. It is important to keep in mind that pain is NOT good especially in joints, bone, and chest. Muscle soreness is normal, but not to the point of not being able to use it. NEVER continue a workout with soreness, give the muscles a chance to repair and build. Working out too many times per week can actually make a muscle smaller and weaker if you don't give it a chance to repair. Remember; nutrition is the fuel for work and repair. In any event, the International Fitness Association (IFA), the author and their representatives cannot assume any responsibility for negative results no matter how incidental or severe, whether due to an error in this manual or an omission of information. The responsibility is yours. We are not there to see what you're doing either, so use common sense. In any event, if you have a question that you can’t get answered, send us an email to admin@ifafitness.com. We’ll try to answer your question. A local personal trainer might also be able to help. You don’t have to hire a trainer for the long term. You can get a trainer to start you out or just meet you at the gym every couple of weeks to check on your progress and technique (very important). Trainer rates vary from $25/hr to $45/hr and on up. It’s a good idea to get your workout program started. This manual is the course material for both the Aerobics & Fitness Instructor certification and Sports Nutritionist certification. For certification as a Sports Nutritionist, you are expected to read and be tested on the Nutrition section only. You will also need to be familiar with the Client Forms section. For the Aerobics & Fitness certification, you are expected to read the entire manual. However, test material will not emphasize the Nutrition section. For Trainer candidates, it is advisable to read the entire manual. A Personal Trainer should be aware of the Nutritional needs of their clients. Both tests are in the back of this book. It is recommended that you take the test online at our website in order to receive your results immediately. If you are planning to receive certification, you’ll need to take the test at the end of this book and either submit it with your payment to: IFA Attn: Certifications 12472 Lake Underhill Rd., #341 Orlando, FL 32828 Or, after you read this book, you can take the test on the web at http://www.ifafitness.com and it will be instantly and automatically graded. The results will be sent to IFA automatically. If you pass, you can even pay for the certification on the IFA website. 8 Intentionally left blank 9 Nutrition Nutrients are substances necessary for proper bodily function. Some are required in large quantities (macronutrients) and some are required is small quantities (micronutrients). There are 4 types of macronutrients: Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats and Water and two types of micronutrients: Vitamins and Minerals. Macronutrients Proteins Proteins are the basic structure of all living cells. Proteins are used in making hormones, blood plasma transport systems, and enzymes. The basic building blocks of proteins are called amino acids. There are two types of proteins complete and incomplete. Amino acids are categorized as essential and nonessential. Of the twenty amino acids that have been identified, nine are considered essential amino acids those that are not manufactured by the body, these must come from dietary intake. The body can manufacture the non-essential amino acids from the by-products of carbohydrate metabolism. Amino Acids are crucial for proper Central Nervous System (CNS) function. Non-Essential Amino Acids · Alanine - provides energy for muscle tissue, brain and CNS; aids antibody production to enhance the immune system; helps metabolize sugars and organic acids. · Arginine - improves immune response to bacteria, viruses and tumor cells; promotes healing and liver regeneration; aids the release of growth hormones for muscle growth and tissue repair. · Aspartic Acid (Asparagine) - aids in the excretion of ammonia, which is toxic to the CNS; may increase resistance to fatigue and increase endurance. · Cysteine - antioxidant protection against radiation and pollution; slows the aging process; deactivates free radicals; neutralizes toxins; aids in protein synthesis. Crucial for the skin development aiding in the recovery from burns and surgical procedures. Hair and skin are comprised of 10-14% Cysteine. · Glycine - aids in the release of oxygen during the cell-making process. Important for hormone production in strengthening the immune system. · Glutamic Acid (Glutamine) - improves mental capabilities; helps healing of ulcers; reduces fatigue; helps control alcoholism, schizophrenia and sugar cravings. · Taurine - stabilizes membranes excitability in the control of epileptic seizures. Controls biochemical changes responsible for the aging process; aids in the excretion of free radicals. · Proline - promotes proper joint and tendon function; strengthens heart muscles. 10 · Serine - storage source of glucose for the liver and muscles, antibody production enhances the immune system, synthesizes fatty acid covering around nerve fibers (insulator). · Tyrosine - transmission of nerve impulses to the brain; fights depression; improves memory and mental alertness; promotes the proper function of the adrenal, thyroid and pituitary glands. Essential Amino Acids · Histidine - hemoglobin component; used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, allergic diseases, ulcers & anemia. A deficiency may cause hearing problems. · Isoleucine and Leucine - mental alertness, also provides manufacturing components for other essential biochemical components in the body, which are utilized for the production of energy and upper brain stimulants. · Lysine - Insures adequate absorption of calcium; helps form collagen (component of bone, cartilage and connective tissues); aids in the production of antibodies, hormones & enzymes. Lysine may be effective against herpes by improving the balance of nutrients that reduce viral growth. A deficiency may result in tiredness, inability to concentrate, irritability, bloodshot eyes, retarded growth, hair loss, anemia & reproductive problems. · Methionine - a sulfur source, which prevents disorders of the hair, skin and nails. Lowers cholesterol by increasing the liver's production of lecithin and reduces liver fat build-up. Protects the kidneys; a natural chelating agent for heavy metals; regulates the formation of ammonia and creates ammonia-free urine thereby reducing bladder irritation; promotes healthy hair growth. · Phenylalanine - allows brain to produce Norepinephrine used for the transmission of signals between nerve cells and the brain; regulates hunger, antidepressant; improves memory and mental alertness. · Threonine - a component of collagen, Elastin, and enamel protein; reduces liver fat build-up; promotes proper digestive system function and metabolism. · Tryptophan - a relaxant, alleviates insomnia, prevents migraine; reduces anxiety and depression; promotes proper immune system function. It reduces the risk of cardiovascular spasms. Works in conjunction with Lysine to lower cholesterol levels. · Valine - Promotes mental health, muscle coordination and tempers emotions. Other protein comes from the recycling of enzymes and other proteins. Protein is synthesized in all tissues in the body; however, the liver and muscles are the most active. The body synthesizes about 300 grams of protein per day even though average intake is only 70 grams. Proteins that contain all nine essential amino acids in sufficient quantity to sustain life are called complete proteins. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) is a measurement of protein's completeness. Protein is rated according to various indices. The most common measurement being the Biological Value or BV of the protein. The higher the BV value the more readily the protein is absorbed by the body. Eggs have the highest BV value (100). Whey protein’s value is close to 100 while beans have a BV of 49. Ratings of greater than 100 refer to the chemical score of an amino acid pattern in a reference protein to a test protein and not the BV. 11 Meat, fish, milk, cheese and eggs contain complete proteins. Incomplete proteins such as vegetables, grains, seeds, and nuts are those which do not contain all nine essential amino acids by themselves. However, combinations of incomplete protein foods or mutual supplementation can supply all nine essential amino acids such as beans with rice or peanut butter on wheat bread. Therefore vegetarians can get all the amino acids required by combining incomplete protein foods. It is not necessary to combine proteins at the same meal as many people believe. Therefore a breakfast of one incomplete protein and a dinner of another incomplete protein will provide the benefits of eating a complete protein. Examples of Complete Combinations of Incomplete Proteins Grains & Legumes Grains & Nuts/Seeds Legumes & Nuts/Seeds Grains & Dairy peanut butter sandwich rice cakes/peanut butter chickpea humus cereal with milk rice and beans roll with sesame seeds trail mix macaroni & cheese vegetable stir-fry & rice banana-nut bread bean soup & sesame seeds yogurt with granola chili & wheat bread oat-nut bread cheese sandwiches tortillas & beans rice pudding pea soup & roll Examples of Protein rich foods: · High Fat - Meat, salmon, eggs, peanut butter, milk, cheese · Low Fat - Tuna, egg whites, red beans, skim milk, non-fat cheese Proteins begin digestion in the stomach but are primarily digested in the small intestine and metabolized by the liver for the building of tissue. Proteins that are not required for building can be utilized as an energy source and provide 4 calories per gram. About 98% of the protein from animal sources and about 80% of the protein from vegetable sources is absorbed by the body. Fasting causes the body to use protein as an energy source even to the point of breaking down vital tissues such as organs and muscles to use as an energy source. Excess protein, not utilized for tissue repair or growth or as an energy source is converted by the body to fat and stored. Protein requirements depend on the individual and daily activity. Tissue growth, whether due to growth, injury, weight training, pregnancy effect protein requirements. During illness, protein is not only required for repair but is generally used as an energy source. According to RDA requirements, an adult should consume approximately 0.36 grams of protein per pound of body weight on a daily basis (0.8 grams or protein per kg of body weight) as a minimum requirement. As an example, a 150-pound person should consume approximately 50 grams of protein daily. This translates to 200 calories of protein daily. As a general rule, for intense weight training, up to 1 gram per pound of body weight may be consumed. Since protein metabolism produces nitrogen in the body this creates an extra workload for the kidneys and liver to eliminate the excess. Dehydration can occur because the kidneys require increased amounts of water to dilute the nitrogen. Dehydration can impede workout performance. It's therefore important to adequately hydrate when consuming increased levels of protein. Hair-loss and thinning, as well as, brittle and discolored fingernails can be external manifestations of protein deficiencies. Internal ramifications can be muscle wasting, weak ligaments and cellular dysfunction since amino acids will be in short supply. Muscle growth will also be limited or unavailable due to an insufficient amount of protein. 12 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are utilized for energy, both instant and sustained. When insufficient carbohydrates are taken in, the body must utilize proteins for energy even to the point of catabolizing muscle tissue for energy. Digestive enzymes in the small intestines break down the carbohydrates into glucose. The glucose can be immediately utilized by the body or stored as glycogen in the muscles and liver. The muscles can store about 20 minutes of glycogen for energy. The bloodstream can hold about an hour of glucose for energy. If glucose levels are maximized and all glycogen storage locations are full then the excess glucose is converted to fat by the liver and stored in adipose tissue or fat cells. There is really no limit to the amount of fat that a body can store. According to studies at the University of Massachusetts, carbohydrates are generally converted to fat at the rate of 75% where 25% of the carbohydrates are used in the conversion process. There are three types of carbohydrates Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are simple sugars and are the basic unit of carbohydrate. Examples of Monosaccharides are glucose and fructose. Disaccharides are composed of two Monosaccharides. Examples of Disaccharides are table sugar (sucrose) which is composed of fructose and glucose also milk sugar (lactose) which is composed of glucose and galactose . Polysaccharides are composed of multiple Monosaccharides. Examples of Polysaccharides are starches (bread, fruit, grain, pasta, rice). These are also called complex carbohydrates. Carbohydrates should comprise approximately 60% of the daily caloric intake. Therefore, for a 3000- calorie total daily intake, 1800 of those calories should be carbohydrates. Fiber is a form of carbohydrate. Approximately 20 grams of dietary fiber is required in our diets. Fiber facilitates elimination and decreases appetite as a bulking agent. Fiber also inhibits the absorption of cholesterol into the blood stream. It has also been shown that fiber slows the absorption of sucrose into the bloodstream. This can be important in the treatment of type II diabetes. Too much fiber in the diet can restrict the absorption of necessary vitamins and minerals. Excess carbohydrates are converted into fat by the liver and stored in adipose tissue. Sugar is absorbed into the bloodstream within minutes. Consuming large amounts of sugar prior to exercise can actually inhibit performance. This produces a drastic increase in blood sugar. This causes the pancreas to secrete large amounts of insulin to metabolize the sugar. All this insulin inhibits the metabolization of fat by the muscles. Therefore, the muscles rely more on glycogen, which is in limited supply. The insulin reduces blood sugar level, which is already being reduced by the muscle utilization of glycogen stores for energy production. The blood sugar level reduces to a level, which may not only cause fatigue but dizziness as well. Therefore consumption of excess sugar prior to exercise reduces performance and endurance. Carbohydrate Loading Carbohydrate loading is when an athlete depletes and then force-feeds carbohydrates over a period of several days. Carbohydrates are first depleted, for example on a long fast run, then large amounts of carbohydrates eaten. The theory is that the body will overcompensate and store extra glycogen. Carbohydrate Stacking This technique requires the consumption of several different kinds of carbohydrates each assimilated by the body at different rates based on their glycemic value. Eating a high glycemic food provides immediate energy while a low glycemic food provides energy at a slower controlled rate. This technique provides greater endurance for athletes. 13 Fats Fat is required for the production of cell membranes, blood lipids (body fat), bile (fat emulsifier), steroids and vitamin D. Fats molecules are made up of glycerol and fatty acids. Body fat is also instrumental in body temperature regulation as insulation. Minimum body fat percentages of 7% for men and 12% for women are recommended. Fats are also utilized for the transport and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. In addition, fats are the only source of linoleic acid, which is required for skin growth and maintenance. Minimum daily requirement for unsaturated fat is 10 grams and 15 grams is preferred. Types of Fat Characteristics Sources Saturated Solid at room temp, raises blood cholesterol Animal sources, coconut, palm oil Unsaturated Liquid at room temperature Plant sources Hydrogenated Unsaturated converted chemically to Saturated Regular Margarine Polyunsaturated Lowers blood cholesterol Safflower, corn, soy, sunflower, fish Monosaturated No effect on blood cholesterol Canola, olive, peanut oils Fats are digested by the enzyme lipase in the small intestines with the assistance of bile salts as emulsifiers. They are then transported through the bloodstream with the assistance of lipoproteins (fat + protein coating + phospholipids) and stored as Triglyceride (glycerol + 3 particles of fatty acids) in fat cells. They are then released into the bloodstream as fatty acids when energy is required. The fatty acids travel through the bloodstream and are combined with glucose to burn the combination as energy. The combination of fatty acids and glucose is necessary for energy production. Inadequate carbohydrate availability will result in incomplete fat metabolization producing unused lipids called ketones and leading to a chemical imbalance in the blood known as ketosis. Organ and muscle tissue may be metabolized to provide glucose from the breakdown of protein. Most of the weight loss that occurs by severe carbohydrate restricted diets are from water loss as the kidneys attempt to rid the body of the ketones. Fat is essential to survival. A fat-less diet can lead to severe problems. Linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid, is used by the liver to manufacture arachidonic acid. This super polyunsaturated fat is used in cell membranes along with protein. When needed, this fatty acid is converted into a group of chemicals that regulate blood pressure, contractions in childbirth, blood clotting, peristalsis (gut motion), and the immune system. These chemicals are short lived and are manufactured locally as needed. Cholesterol belongs to the same chemical family as steroids and is related to fat. It is important for the production of cell membranes, myelin sheaths around nerves, sex hormones, bile, and vitamin D. Dietary cholesterol is the cholesterol consumed from the diet. Blood Serum cholesterol is the amount of cholesterol circulating in the bloodstream. The two are not closely related. Some people consume large quantities of dietary cholesterol and have a low serum cholesterol level. And, conversely, some people have high blood serum levels and consume very little dietary cholesterol. Conversion from dietary to blood serum cholesterol varies for each person and ranges from 20% to 90% of the amount consumed. Blood serum cholesterol levels should remain below 200 mg per deciliter to be considered "normal" according to recent studies. This number represents only 10% of the total amount of cholesterol in the body. The rest is contained in cell membranes and other body tissues. The National Cholesterol Education Program recommends a dietary cholesterol consumption of no more than 300 mg per day. The body requires no intake of cholesterol but manufactures all the cholesterol it needs from dietary fat and produces about 1000 mg per day. 14 There are basically two types of Cholesterol transport systems, Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) and High Density Lipoproteins (HDL). Each type is a fat carrying protein. LDL, the bad cholesterol carrier, transports cholesterol to the cells and is associated with Arteriosclerosis or hardening of the arterial walls. HDL, the good cholesterol carrier, transports cholesterol to the liver where it is processed for excretion or broken down for other uses. Monosaturated and Polyunsaturated fats lower LDL levels and increase HDL whereas Saturated fats increase LDL levels. The goal is therefore to minimize the LDL cholesterol by reducing the dietary intake of saturated fats. The food label may tout "no cholesterol" but the body manufactures cholesterol from saturated fats. Arteriosclerosis is a condition where the arteries become occluded. This is caused by a lesion, which develops just under the inner lining of the arterial wall. This swelling, composed of fibrous protein, accumulates LDL carried cholesterol as blood platelets begin to stick to the damaged area. This accumulation reduces the inner diameter of the artery and subsequently leads to a decreased flow of blood through the artery. The platelets continue to accumulate at the injured site until a clot is formed, blocking all blood flow to the heart. The area of the heart normally being fed by this artery becomes injured. This is known as a heart attack. Cardiovascular health is a result of proper diet and exercise. Genetics may predispose someone to high blood pressure or heart disease; however, diet, exercise and medication can lessen the impact and improve longevity. Water Water is essential for all energy production in the body. Water is also used for temperature regulation and waste elimination and is essential to cell processes. An inadequate supply of water can result in up to a 30% reduction of energy. Between 50% and 70% of the body weight is water. Insufficient water in the body results in a decrease of blood volume thereby reducing the overall oxygen transport ability of the blood to properly supply the muscles during exercise. Since blood is used to regulate body temperature, inadequate cooling of the body occurs. The heart rate increases as the cardiovascular system is stressed and overheating occurs leading to possible heat stroke or heat exhaustion. We can survive without other nutrients for several weeks. However, we can only survive without water for about one week. Water is used to emulsify solutions within the body and transport them to the various tissues including the transport of waste byproducts. Thirst is not an accurate measure of the body's water requirement. Age and environment alter the thirst mechanism. Therefore, a quantitative schedule must be utilized to adequately hydrate the body. Two hours prior to exercising in a hot environment, the participant should consume 2-3 cups of water and another 1-2 cups about 15 minutes before exercising. During exercise, about 4 ounces of water should be consumed every 15 minutes to replace water lost through sweat and maintain blood volume. As a guide for each pound of body weight lost through sweating while exercising, drink two 8oz. glasses of water. A loss of only two-percent of body weight through sweating can bring on the onset of dehydration. Adults should drink about 2 1/2 quarts of water per day. Early signs of dehydration include dizziness, fatigue, headache, and loss of appetite. Advanced dehydration is manifested by rapid pulse, shortness of breath, deep yellow urine, blurred vision and hearing loss. Cold water is absorbed into the body from the stomach faster than warm water. Recent studies suggest that drinks containing up to 10% sugar are almost as readily absorbed from the stomach. These sugary drinks have been shown to improve endurance in events lasting 2 to 3 hours. However, for fat burning purposes, consumption of sugary drinks will provide carbohydrate energy to the exercising muscles and possibly stave off fat metabolization for use as energy. 15 Therefore, if your intent is performance, then consume sports drinks. However, if the purpose of the exercise session is to burn fat, then drink water only. The glycogen stores in the muscles will run out in about 20 minutes and the body will be forced to metabolize stored fat for continued energy. Consumption of salt in excess of recommended dietary requirements draws water out of the cells thereby impairing cellular function. Salt depletion may occur during endurance type exercises and when consuming water only. Salt tablets are not recommended because they draw water out of the body and into the stomach. In cold weather, urine production is increased therefore it is just as important to properly hydrate in cold weather environments as it is in hot weather. 16 Micronutrients Vitamins Vitamins are organic compounds not manufactured by the body other than proteins, carbohydrates and fats that are required for growth, maintenance and repair. Vitamins require no digestion and are absorbed directly into the blood stream. The thirteen vitamins identified are divided into two groups, fat-soluble and water-soluble. The fat-soluble vitamins, which include A, D, E, and K are stored in the liver and in body fat. Mega doses of fat-soluble vitamins can produce a toxic effect in the liver and can accumulate in the tissues. Symptoms of toxicity are bone and joint pain, blurred vision, dry skin, and hair and weight loss. The body does not store water-soluble vitamins. The kidneys excrete excess or Mega doses of these vitamins. However, toxicity has been reported with A, niacin, C, D and B6. Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA) are currently being revised. Fat Soluble Vitamins RDR Purpose Sources A 1,000 mcg Vision, skin, hair, growth, mucous membranes Egg yolk, milk, butter, yellow and dark green vegetables, yellow-orange fruits D 5 mg Bone and tooth structure, needed to absorb calcium Sunshine, milk, eggs, fish E 10 mg Red Blood Cells, muscles Whole grains, oils, fruits, green leafy vegetables K 80 mcg Blood Clotting, bone growth Eggs, green leafy vegetables, cauliflower, tomatoes Water Soluble Vitamins RDR Purpose Sources C 60 mg Strengthens blood vessel walls, antihistamine, builds collagen Citrus, tomatoes, broccoli, potatoes, green peppers, cabbage, strawberries B1 - Thiamin 1.5 mg Appetite, digestion, nerve function, carb metabolization Pork, legumes, whole grains, wheat germ, nuts B2 - Riboflavin 1.7 mg Fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism, mucous membrane Milk, dairy, whole grain, eggs, fish, green leafy vegetables B3 - Niacin 19 mg Appetite, lowers cholesterol, fat, protein and carb metabolism Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, peanuts, legumes, grains B6 - Pyridoxine 2 mg Serotonin (mood regulation), protein metabolism Meat, poultry, fish, grains, bran, wheat germ, egg yolk, legumes, green leafy vegetables B12 Cobalamin 2 mcg Red blood cells, genetic material production, new tissue Meat, poultry, fish, dairy Folic Acid 200 mcg Red blood cells, genetic material production Meat, eggs, fish, green vegetables, beans, asparagus, yeast Pantothenic Acid 7 mg Adrenal function, food metabolization, nerve function Whole grains, eggs, vegetables, meats Biotin 100 mcg Metabolization of glucose Egg yolk, milk, legumes, peanuts, bananas 17 Minerals Minerals, in contrast to vitamins, are inorganic. Minerals also require no digestion. Some minerals are stored in the liver. It is important not to consume Mega doses of minerals on a regular basis above those amounts recommended. Minerals are divided into two groups, major and trace minerals. Major minerals are those that are required by the body in quantities greater than 100 mg per day and include Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorous, Chloride and Sodium. Trace minerals are those that are required by the body in quantities less than 100 mg per day. Trace minerals are Iron, Copper, Zinc, Iodine and Selenium. The following table includes recommended daily allowance. Essential Minerals RDR Purpose Source Calcium 800 mg Blood clotting, Bones, Muscles, Nerves Milk products, Broccoli Phosphorus 750 mg Muscles, Nerves, Energy production, Bones Cereal, Meat, Fish, Legumes, Dairy Potassium * 2000 mg Energy, Hair, Skin, Nails, Heart rhythm, muscle contraction, regulation of body fluids Citrus, Bananas, fish, poultry, dairy Magnesium * 350 mg Bone growth, protein and energy production Egg yolks, dark leafy greens Sodium * 500 mg Muscle and nerve function, body fluid balance Meat, Milk products, fish, salt Chloride 750 mg Aids digestion, maintains body fluid balance Salt Zinc 15 mg Insulin production, male prostate function, digestion, metabolism Shellfish, eggs, meat Iron 10 mg Hemoglobin (Blood Oxygen transport), Myoglobin (Muscle Oxygen storage) Meat, Fish Chloride * 750 mg Muscle and nerve function, acid-base balance, digestion Meat, Milk products, Fish Fluoride 4 mg Hardens bones and teeth Coffee, tea, spinach, gelatin, onion Iodine 150 mcg Proper thyroid function Water, Iodized salt Copper 3 mg Red blood cells, connective tissue, nerve fibers Shellfish, grains, nuts, chocolate Chromium 200 mcg Carbohydrate metabolism Vegetables, grains, Brewer's Yeast Molybdenum 250 mcg Nitrogen metabolism Grains, vegetables Selenium 70 mcg Works with Vitamin E to protect cells Grains, meats, fish, poultry * Electrolytes provide the proper electrical charge within the body fluids for the transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and proper body fluid levels and acid-base fluid balance. 18 Additional Supplements The following additional supplements are included here because they are the most popular at this time. This section is not intended as an endorsement to take these products, but merely to acquaint the trainer with the effects of that these supplements might have on the client that they are training. The trainer needs to make an assessment as to whether they want to accept clients who are taking controversial supplements. Should something occur, the trainer will certainly have to accept some of the moral if not legal responsibility. It is not our policy to promote supplements. Even aspirin and acetaminophen taken over long periods of time can affect bodily functions in less desirable ways. Use your brain filter before you use your liver and kidney filters. It is not worth a temporary increase in muscle size as a trade for a permanently blown liver or kidney. A product potent enough to help will be potent enough to cause side effects. Long-term effects of supplements have never been studied. Would you eat an arbitrary quantity of anything everyday (ice cream, beef, etc.) The best nutrition plans alternate foods to provide a distribution of various food groups, which provide all the body needs for growth and maintenance. Read the ingredients of all products carefully. Many "Complex Formula" type diet supplements contain various ingredients; some of which may be stimulants or laxatives. Weight loss results may only be temporary and due to the diuretic effect of the supplement. We provide both the pros and cons here. You are free to make your own informed decision for yourself and your clients. There is no conclusive evidence as to the long-term effects of these supplements nor is there conclusive evidence that they shouldn't be taken. The FDA and USDA leave it up to you as we do. · Do not take supplements without your doctor’s advice if you are pregnant or could become pregnant. · Do not take supplements without your doctor’s advice if you are breast-feeding a baby. · Do not give any supplement to a child without first talking to the child's doctor. · Do not take supplements if you are taking any prescribed drugs. Androstenedione (Androstene) Androstenedione is a hormone that is synthesized into Testosterone. Claims include a temporary boost in Testosterone levels allowing greater performance and enhanced recovery and a heightened sexual function. There is some indication that this supplement may decrease the natural production of testosterone at higher intake levels. It is legal in some countries and not in others without a prescription. For a reference, DHEA, with the assistance of enzymes, is converted to Androstenedione, which is then converted to Testosterone. There is a move to reclassify this supplement as a drug. Maintaining proper levels of testosterone is vital to overall body growth and maintenance. However, most people's levels are adequate. Too much testosterone can cause a host of problems including kidney, liver, heart failures as well as personality changes. Manufacturers of this supplement recommend a minimum of 1.5 grams of protein per pound of body weight. Androstenedione may decrease natural testosterone production. Possible Health Hazards: Personality changes, impotence. 19 Chromium Chromium helps to lower blood sugar, reduce body fat and cholesterol levels. It is also used to suppress the appetite. In diabetic and overweight individuals, chromium reduces Triglyceride levels by almost 20%, improves glucose tolerance and normalizes insulin levels. Deficiencies can result in insulin resistance. Typical dosage is 50-200 mcg daily. An ounce of brewer's yeast provides approximately 100-200 mcg of chromium. Possible Health Hazards: In picolinate form, may cause DNA damage, which can result in genetic mutations and cancer. Possible anemia, blood abnormalities, liver dysfunction, and renal failure. Choline Choline regulates body fat and cholesterol. It is used to promote proper kidney, liver and gallbladder function. It also enhances muscle tone. In addition, it is used to produce acetylcholine, a chemical used in neuromuscular interaction. Choline naturally occurs in liver, cauliflower, soybeans, spinach, lettuce, nuts, and eggs. In capsule form, the recommended dosage is 550 mg daily or about 2.5 grams before an event. Possible Health Hazards: Possible Diarrhea and Flatulence. Creatine Monohydrate The recommended daily dosage of Creatine is 5g. Food sources of Creatine are: Salmon, Pork, Beef, and Tuna. However, you would have to eat about 2 ½ pounds of beef per day in order to meet the recommended dosage of Creatine. Each person’s capacity for Creatine storage is different. Most of the body’s Creatine is stored within the skeletal muscles. The body cannot utilize excess stores and excretes it through urination. If you are genetically predisposed to store larger amounts, then you will not benefit from additional Creatine supplements. The body can synthesize Creatine from Amino Acid stores if needed but not in any appreciable amounts. Creatine works by assisting in the regeneration of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). This allows the muscles to perform contractions for longer periods before becoming fatigued. ATP is used mostly in short burst type muscle contractions. A common practice is called "loading" as recommended by the manufacturers of Creatine. This involves taking large doses (20 g/day for a about a week) and then reducing the dosage to 2 to 5 g/day. Possible Health Hazards: dehydration, muscle cramps and muscles injuries. DHEA Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a steroid hormone and chemically related to testosterone and estrogen. It is manufactured by the adrenal glands from cholesterol. DHEA production increases up until the mid-20s. A steady decline in DHEA production occurs as a person ages until only about 20% is produced by age 75 as was produced during the peak period in the 20s. There are varying studies with varying results. Some studies show an increase in muscle mass and attribute this supplement to an increased longevity. However, other studies show the opposite results and show an increase in body fat and estrogen levels. Possible Health Hazards: Increased testosterone level (women), increased estrogen level (men), altered hormone levels, liver dysfunction, increased prostate/breast cancer risk and other steroid-like effects (facial hair, acne, personality changes). Ephedra (Ma Huang) 20 Ephedra (Ma Huang) is a decongestant, diuretic, and Central Nervous System (CNS) stimulant. It stimulates the adrenal glands and increases energy level. It is also used to reduce bronchial spasms as in asthma and allergy related illnesses. Claims also include appetite suppressant, weight-loss and antidepression properties. As a stimulant, it increases the metabolism through thermogenic (heat production) means and thereby burns fat. It contains Ephedrine, a stimulant used in over-the-counter bronchodilators. Promotes urination and reduces edema. Recommended dosage is 100 mg daily one hour before a meal. FDA has reported over 40 deaths and over 1000 serious side effects linked to Ephedrine. Manufacturers warn against the use of Ephedra if you are under the age of 18 or have a family history of heart disease, thyroid disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, headaches, depression or other psychiatric condition, glaucoma, difficulty urinating, prostate enlargement, or seizure disorder. They also recommend consulting a doctor or licensed healthcare professional before using Ephedra. It is also warned that exceeding the recommended dose may cause serious adverse health effects including heart attack and stroke. Ephedra should not be used by those with anxiety disorders such as panic attacks, or by those with glaucoma, heart disease, or high blood pressure. Not to be taken with depression drugs, caffeine, decongestants, or other stimulants, monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MOI) or any other dietary supplement, prescription drug or over-the-counter drug containing ephedrine, pseudoephedrine or phenylpropanolamine (ingredients found in certain allergy, asthma, cough/cold, and weight control products). Possible Health Hazards: Hypertension, dizziness, shortness of breath, sleeplessness, palpitations, tachycardia, arrhythmia, nerve damage, tremor, headache, seizure, stroke, heart attack, kidney stones GABA GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid), a non-essential amino acid, is claimed to decrease body fat levels while increasing lean muscle tissue. GABA functions by crossing the blood-brain barrier and acting as a pituitary stimulant thereby increasing the secretion of the Human Growth Hormone (HgH). It also acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (decreases neuron activity). It is believed that increased levels of HgH promote a decrease in body fat and an increase in muscle growth. The recommended dosage is one or two capsules (200mg) with a meal twice daily. For further reading on this, visit the National Institute on Drug Abuse’s website and search for GHB/GABA. Possible Health Hazards: Bradycardia (slow heart rate), coma, death, nausea, loss of coordination, vomiting. 21 L-Glutamine L-Glutamine provides an important contribution in muscle growth through protein synthesis and increased growth hormone levels. In a recent study by the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, a single 2-gram dose of Glutamine elevated circulating growth hormone (GH) levels by over 430%. GH is responsible for glucose and amino acid uptake within the body, muscle growth due to protein synthesis and the utilization of fat stores for energy. Glutamine, the most abundant amino acid in muscle tissue, is partly responsible for the transport of Nitrogen into the cell for muscle growth and the extraction of ammonia away from the muscle tissue. Glutamine levels drop after a workout and remain at lower levels until after a complete recovery period. The reduction of Glutamine levels in muscle tissue is destructive to muscle tissue or catabolic. The theory is that this Training Paradox is overcome by supplementing the diet with LGlutamine before and after a workout. Supplementation of L-Glutamine before and after a workout is believed to over come this Training Paradox. The recommended dosage is one or more capsules (500 mg) with meals. Possible Health Hazards: None known at this time. Studies continue. Synephrine Synephrine is similar to caffeine and ephedrine, it provides an energy boost, suppresses appetite and increasing metabolic rate. It does not appear to have the same negative central nervous effects of Ma Huang (ephedra). Through its stimulation of specific adrenergic receptors (beta-3), it appears to stimulate fat metabolism without the negative cardiovascular side effects of Ma Huang (which stimulates all betaadrenergic receptors). In capsule form, the dosage is 4-20 mg of synephrine per day, which is a typical dose found in products providing 200-600 mg of a standardized citrus aurantium extract (3-6% synephrine). Possible Health Hazards: Until more studies are done, regard it as a stimulant and therefore should not be taken with other stimulants. Yohimbe Yohimbe increase levels of the neurotransmitter, Norepinephrine and is a central nervous system stimulator. It may increase energy levels, muscle mass and promote fat oxidation by blocking specific receptors (alpha-2 adrenergic receptors). It also dilates blood vessels and relieves depression. In capsule form, the recommended dosage is 10-30mg daily. Possible Health Hazards: headaches, anxiety, high blood pressure, elevated heart rate, heart palpitations, and hallucinations. It should be avoided by those with high blood pressure or kidney disease. 22 Daily Caloric Requirements A pound is equivalent to 3500 calories. To over simplify, if you want to lose one pound per week, reduce your caloric consumption by 3500 calories per week. Consuming less than 1500 calories per day on a regular basis reduces the basal metabolic rate. When the metabolic rate is reduced, fewer calories can be consumed. Excess calories will be stored as fat. This is why it's important to combine exercise with diet in order to affect weight loss. Your basal metabolic rate is the basic minimum number of calories that are required to maintain your body weight based on average body composition. To calculate your basal metabolic rate: Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) = 24 * Weight (lb)/2.2 OR Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) = 24 * Weight (kg) The BMR is then multiplied by a number representing the individuals activity level: Sedentary Light Medium Heavy BMR * 1.45 BMR * 1.60 BMR * 1.70 BMR * 1.88 Generally, eating more than this number of calories increases weight and less than this number allows weight reduction. However, BMR does not take into account extremes of activity or inactivity. Therefore, BMR should be used as an approximation. Various activities will increase caloric requirements above the BMR. The following table shows the approximate amount of calories required for a 135-pound individual performing the following listed activity for 1 hour: Activity Calories Expended Activity Calories Expended Aerobics 620 Bicycling 12mph 620 Running 5mph 500 Ski Machine 550 Walking 4mph 230 Swimming 470 Soccer 370 Stair Master 350 23 Protein, Carbohydrate and Fat Dietary Requirements Proper nutrition requires a balanced intake of Protein, Carbohydrates and Fat. Protein and Carbohydrates are both 4 calories per gram. Fat is 9 calories per gram. An example follows for a daily caloric requirement of 2000 calories. The amount of grams of each will vary according to your daily caloric requirement (based on BMR). However, the percentages should remain the same for all. The following example is for a daily caloric requirement of 2000 calories: · Protein 4 cal/g 30% of total = 600 cal (protein) = 150g · Carbohydrates 4 cal/g 60% of total = 1200 cal (carbs) = 300g · Fat 9 cal/g 10% of total = 200 cal (fat) = 22g Food Pyramid Guide Food Pyramid Guide – A guide to daily food choices 24 USDA RDA Female Age 11 - 14 15 – 18 19 - 24 25 - 50 51+ Calories 2200 kcal 2200 kcal 2200 kcal 2200 kcal 1900 kcal Protein 46 g 44 g 46 g 50 g 50 g Calcium 1200 mg 1200 mg 1200 mg 800 mg 800 mg Iron 15 mg 15 mg 15 mg 15 mg 10 mg Sodium 2000 mg 2000 mg 2000 mg 2000 mg 2000 mg Phosphorus 1200 mg 1200 mg 1200 mg 800 mg 800 mg Vitamin A 4000 IU 4000 IU 4000 IU 4000 IU 4000 IU Vitamin C 50 mg 60 mg 60 mg 60 mg 60 mg Thiamin 1.1 mg 1.1 mg 1.1 mg 1.1 mg 1.0 mg Riboflavin 1.3 mg 1.3 mg 1.3 mg 1.3 mg 1.2 mg Niacin 15 mg 15 mg 15 mg 15 mg 13 mg Male Age 11 - 14 15 - 18 19 - 24 25 - 50 51+ Calories 2500 kcal 3000 kcal 2900 kcal 2900 kcal 2300 kcal Protein 45 g 59 g 58 g 63 g 63 g Calcium 1200 mg 1200 mg 1200 mg 800 mg 800 mg Iron 12 mg 12 mg 10 mg 10 mg 10 mg Sodium 2000 mg 2000 mg 2000 mg 2000 mg 2000 mg Phosphorus 1200 mg 1200 mg 1200 mg 800 mg 800 mg Vitamin A 5000 IU 5000 IU 5000 IU 5000 IU 5000 IU Vitamin C 50 mg 60 mg 60 mg 60 mg 60 mg Thiamin 1.3 mg 1.5 mg 1.5 mg 1.5 mg 1.2 mg Riboflavin 1.5 mg 1.8 mg 1.7 mg 1.7 mg 1.4 mg Niacin 17 mg 20 mg 19 mg 19 mg 15 mg Child Age 0 - 0.5 0.5 - 1 1 - 3 4 - 6 7 - 10 Calories 650 kcal 850 kcal 1300 kcal 1800 kcal 2000 kcal Protein 13 g 14 g 16 g 24 g 28 g Calcium 400 mg 600 mg 800 mg 800 mg 800 mg Iron 6 mg 10 mg 10 mg 10 mg 10 mg Sodium 2000 mg 2000 mg 2000 mg 2000 mg 2000 mg Phosphorus 300 mg 500 mg 800 mg 800 mg 800 mg Vitamin A 1875 IU 1875 IU 2000 IU 2500 IU 3500 IU Vitamin C 30 mg 35 mg 40 mg 45 mg 45 mg Thiamin 0.3 mg 0.4 mg 0.7 mg 0.9 mg 1 mg Riboflavin 0.4 mg 0.5 mg 0.8 mg 1.1 mg 1.2 mg Niacin 5 mg 6 mg 9 mg 12 mg 13 mg Source: US Department of Agriculture 25 Example of Low Fat Foods Breakfast: · Non-fat cereal with skim milk and fruit. · Toast with Jelly - (no butter, no margarine). · Bagel with Jelly/fat free cream cheese - (no butter, no margarine). · Egg substitute French Toast (no butter). · Egg substitute sandwiches (no mayonnaise or no fat mayonnaise). · Egg substitute omelets (vegetable, no cheese or no fat cheese). · No Meats, butter, cheeses or egg yolks. · Even no fat restaurant breakfasts are cooked with butter or oil. Lunch: · Turkey sandwich: 1 slice of 97% fat free turkey 1 slice of fat free cheese mustard, lettuce, tomato · No chips (fat free chips), potato/macaroni salad or anything with real mayonnaise · Fat free, no salt pretzels. · Salad (No croutons, cheese, olives, oil, dressing, eggs, chickpeas). · Use fat free dressing sparingly and on the side. · You can include water packed tuna, chicken (white meat), and turkey. · Bread (no butter or margarine). Dinner: · Turkey (less fat than chicken), whole sliced not pressed. · Vegetables (steamed) cooked without butter. · Potatoes (baked, no sour cream or butter - try mustard or salsa). · Bread (no butter or margarine). Desserts: · Jell-O, Fresh Fruit, Fat free pudding snacks. · Fat free cookies and crackers. · Angel Food Cake (NOT pound cake). · Bread - Be careful of oil soaked bread like Italian restaurant bread sticks. · Coffee/Tea - Use non-fat milk or none. · Fat free is good but you still have to count calories. · Use FAT FREE low calorie protein supplement if needed for weight training. 26 Alcohol's Effect on Metabolism Alcohol provides empty calories. No nutritional benefit is derived from alcohol. Alcohol is 7 calories per gram, which is almost as high as fat in caloric content. In addition alcohol temporarily slows down the metabolism. The effect of this is that less fat is burned (lower BMR). Generally, high fat foods are consumed with alcohol, which makes matters worse. Also, alcohol inhibits the liver from metabolizing fat. As you can see any weight loss programs has to exclude alcohol. Caffeine's Effect on Metabolism Caffeine increases the mobilization of free fatty acids in the blood, which are used for prolonged energy requirements as in marathon running. Caffeine has also been shown to decrease fatigue during low to moderate intensity exercise lasting over 2 hours. However, caffeine is a central nervous system and cardiovascular stimulant thereby increasing the basal metabolic rate, heart rate and blood pressure. Rapid heart rate can occur leading to an unusually high heart rate during exercise. However, after approximately 45 minutes from caffeine ingestion, Bradycardia occurs, or a slowing of the heart rate, and lasts for up to an hour thereby decreasing cardiac output. Bradycardia leads to fatigue and an inability to exercise. Longterm effects decrease as the body adjusts to the caffeine intake level. Caffeine is a diuretic and therefore may promote dehydration due to increased urination. Any level of dehydration can decrease energy levels up to 30%. Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by starvation. Bulimia Nervosa is characterized by gorging and then purging by vomiting or ingestion of laxatives. Both disorders have psychological roots and require professional help. In each case the body losses valuable nutrients. The body will then catabolize muscle tissue to provide the nutrients for the basic life functions even to the point of consuming the heart muscle for nutrients resulting in death. Popular Fad Diets There are many popular fad diets available. Each one is heavily promoted to achieve the same goal weight loss. Many are unfounded are some are promoted by people without nutrition credentials. Some diets are based on unbalanced dietary intake to “trick” the body into losing fat. In all cases, these diets limit your overall caloric intake, which is essentially what delivers the results. However, some diets promote the exclusion of carbohydrates or fat or even protein. This can lead to deficiencies of certain nutrients that exist in the excluded food. Further, diets composed of mostly protein and fats promote weight loss through a diuretic effect. This may lead a person to believe that the intended results are being achieved, although temporary in nature. Ketosis can be a result of diets composed predominantly of protein. Ketones are a byproduct of protein metabolization in the absence of carbohydrates. The results can be muscle wasting, bad breath, dehydration, personality changes, kidney malfunctions and dizziness. Diets that do not include carbohydrates can result in low intake of dietary fiber leading to colon problems and constipation. Never participate in any of these diets while pregnant. Doing so can cause serious problems even death. All diet claims share the same characteristics. They offer to deprive you of a certain food group or groups when in reality it is the reduction of total calories consumed that provides the weight loss. Eat everything but in moderation. 27 Glycemic Index The Glycemic Index (GI) was first developed in 1981 by a team headed by Dr. David Jenkins at the University of Toronto. It is a measure of the blood sugar level (not a measure of the blood insulin levels) based on consumption after fasting. As a standard, glucose has a level of 100. If a person consumes food with an index of 60, blood sugar levels would increase over a two-hour period by 60% as compared to eating the same amount of pure glucose. The Glycemic Index is controversial since it is only valid when sugar alone is consumed. Protein and Fat slow the absorption Carbohydrates. However, many diet claims reference the Glycemic Index to substantiate their individual claims. The index was developed as a way to determine dietary guidelines for diabetics. The American Diabetes Association has not endorsed the Glycemic Index. According to this theory, a food with a low glycemic index (55 and below) provides a minimal increase in blood glucose, lipoprotein lipase (an enzyme that promotes fat storage), and insulin. A food is with a high glycemic Index (70 and above), reduces sports performance due to large increases in insulin production and can result in low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). However, many fruits that are classified as having a high Glycemic Index can stimulate lipoprotein lipase production even though they are low in sugar. According to the Glycemic Index, ice cream is considered a low GI and whole wheat bread is a high GI food. Therefore, whole wheat bread would create a higher spike in blood glucose levels and a greater increase in insulin production than ice cream. So it is apparent that Glycemic Index should not be used as a single indicator. The following foods are listed according to their Glycemic Index rating. Most of the high glycemic type carbohydrates are from refined breads and breakfast cereals, white rice, rice cakes, and French fries. Limit your consumption of high glycemic foods, which create a rise in insulin levels and reduce glucagon thereby inhibiting your body from burning body fat. Glucagon is a hormone that is made naturally in the pancreas. It releases glucose from the liver causing blood glucose levels to rise. Eat a minimum amount of high glycemic foods and combine them with proteins and fats. Remember, even low glycemic foods in large quantities can cause weight gain. 28 Gylcemic Food Table LOW GLYCEMIC FOODS 20-49 PERCENT • All bran cereals • Apples • Apple juice • Barley • Berries • Black-eyed peas • Bulgur • Butter beans • Cherries • Grapefruit • Grapes • Ice Cream • Milk • Muesli cereal • Navy Beans • Oranges • Peaches • Peanuts • Pears • Peas • Plums • Strawberries • Soybeans • Wild rice • Yogurt (no added sugar) MODERATE GLYCEMIC FOODS 50-69 PERCENT (LIMIT CONSUMPTION) • Basmati Rice • Beets • Buckwheat • Carrots • Cereal (low sugar) • Corn on the cob • Lima Beans • Oatmeal • Pasta • Peas • Potatoes (red, white) • Potato Chips • Pumpernickel bread • Raisins • Spaghetti • Sourdough bread • Sucrose (Table Sugar) • Sweet Potato • Whole wheat bread (100% stone ground) HIGH GLYCEMIC FOODS 70-100 PERCENT • Apricots • Bagels • Bananas (ripe) • Breakfast cereals (refined with added sugar) • Corn chips • Corn Flakes • Corn syrup solids • Crackers • Doughnuts • Glucose and Glucose polymers (maltodextrin) • Hamburger and hotdog buns • Honey • Jelly beans • Maltose • Mango • Muffins • Pancakes • Papaya • Parsnips • Puffed rice or wheat • Potato (baked) • Rice cakes • Shredded wheat • Soft drinks & sport drinks (added sugars) • Toaster waffles • Watermelon • White bread • White rice • Whole wheat bread 29 Physiology Muscle Fiber Types There are two types of muscle fibers, fast twitch (FT) and slow twitch (ST). Fast twitch fibers are used for explosive type movements and are easily fatigued. Slow twitch muscle fibers contain more mitochondria than Fast twitch. Mitochondria are cell structures that contain specific enzymes, which are required by the cell in order to use oxygen for energy production. Fast twitch muscles fibers have less mitochondria and therefore less capacity for oxygen utilization in the production of energy within the muscle. This makes them better suited to anaerobic activities such as weight training, sprinting, jumping and other explosive type activities. FT fibers create energy anaerobically, that is, without oxygen. This system uses glucose as a prime energy source. The byproduct of this anaerobic energy production is heat and lactic acid. Lactic acid accumulation in the muscle causes fatigue and soreness. The anaerobic energy system is a limited system for energy production. Slow twitch fibers are used for endurance type activities and are particularly suited to aerobic type activities. These type fibers contain an increased number of mitochondria and therefore are capable of utilizing oxygen for the production of energy within the muscle. This system uses glucose or fat in combination with oxygen to produce energy. The by-product of this system is carbon dioxide, water and heat. Each person has a specific ratio of FT to ST fibers. A person with a high ratio of FT fibers may find it easier to train for specific activities that involve explosive movements. Conversely, a person with a higher ratio of ST fibers might find it easier to train and excel at endurance type activities. There is a third type of muscle fiber that exists only in humans. It is considered a FT fiber of type IIA. These fibers are less powerful than the type IIAB discussed above. What makes these type IIA FT fibers unique is that they can adapt somewhat to aerobic activities. These fibers provide the capability to alter our original genetic FT/ST ratio. Energy Production There are basically two types of energy systems that the body utilizes, Aerobic and Anaerobic. Each energy system produces Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), which is used by the muscles to contract. The Aerobic System can utilize carbohydrates, proteins or fat to supply an unlimited amount of ATP as long as oxygen is present. The Aerobic system provides medium to very long duration energy production with low to moderate power (less than 85% of maximum output). The by-product of this system is heat, water and carbon dioxide. The Anaerobic System can only utilize carbohydrates for ATP production. This system does not use oxygen in the metabolization of its fuel source. The Anaerobic System provides short duration (45 - 70 seconds) and high power. The by-product of the metabolization of glucose (glycolysis) in this system is heat and lactic acid, the cause of muscle soreness immediately after exercise. Muscle soreness 24 to 48 hours after exercise is due to torn muscle fibers and connective tissue. This type of soreness can be reduced by adequate warm-up and cool-down stretching exercises. Aerobic capacity is the ability of the body to collect and transfer oxygen from the air through the lungs and blood to the working muscles. This is related to cardio-respiratory endurance and is referred to as Maximal Oxygen Consumption or VO2 max. Aerobic Capacity reduces at about 10% per decade after 30 years of age. 30 The Anaerobic Threshold is defined as that point where the body can no longer meet the oxygen demand and it's anaerobic metabolism is accelerated. This point varies on an individual basis and is dependent on fitness level. For healthy individuals, this occurs between 50% and 66% of their maximal working capacity. This would be equivalent to running faster than half speed. Cardiovascular and Respiratory System Air is inhaled into the lungs where oxygen is exchanged through tiny gas permeable sacs within the lungs for carbon dioxide from the blood. The heart pumps the oxygen rich blood from the left atrium through the arteries then through tiny vessels called capillaries to the tissues of the body. At the cell level, oxygen is given up for metabolism and the carbon dioxide produced by this action is picked up by the blood. The oxygen depleted and carbon dioxide rich blood is then pumped back to the heart, through the veins to the right atrium to the lungs where the process is repeated. Aerobic activity increases the strength of the heart muscle. The result is a greater volume of blood per stroke. This is referred to as Stroke Volume or the amount of blood ejected from each ventricle of the heart during one stroke. Cardiac Output is a measure of the amount of blood pumped through each ventricle in one minute. Vital Capacity is the volume of air that can forcibly ejected from the lungs in a single expiration. Aerobic activity provides a Training Effect on Vital Capacity, Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output. By definition an artery carries blood away from the heart while veins carry blood toward the heart. 31 Kinesiology Anatomy Bones provide attachment points and support for muscles. Bones are connected together by fibrous tissue called Ligaments. Tendons are also fibrous tissue and attach muscle to bone. Both have some elasticity and do not heal on their own if torn. An inflamed tendon is called tendonitis and is caused by overstretching the tendon. Cartilage is also fibrous tissue but is not elastic. Cartilage is used to cushion the junction of two bones. The body is divided into three anatomical planes the Frontal, Sagittal and Horizontal. The Frontal plane divides the body from front to back. The Sagittal plane divides the body down the center or vertically. The Horizontal plane divides upper and lower. The table below lists the anatomical term and the corresponding description. ANATOMICAL TERM DESCRIPTION Anterior front Posterior back Medial inside Lateral outside Supine face up Unilateral one side Bilateral both sides Prone face down Superior upper Inferior lower 32 Muscle Action The three types of muscle contraction are Isometric, Isotonic, and Isokinetic. Isometric is defined as that type of contraction where muscle tension and muscle length remain constant. This type of exercise provides muscle strength gains but only at the joint angle held during the exercise. Isotonic contraction is defined as that where the muscle tension remains constant and muscle length varies. Isokinetic contraction is defined as varying tension and length. In each exercise there are four main functions of the associated muscles, Agonists (prime movers), Antagonists, Stabilizers and Assistors. The Agonists is generally the muscle we are exercising. The Antagonist is the opposing muscle and acts in contrast to the agonist. The Stabilizer muscles are those that hold a joint in place so that the exercise may be performed. The Assistors help the Agonist muscle doing the work. The stabilizer muscles are not necessarily moving during exercise, but provide stationary support. For example, when doing biceps curls, the biceps are the agonists, the triceps are the antagonists and various muscles including the deltoids are the stabilizer muscles. However, when doing a triceps push down, now the triceps are the agonists and the biceps are the antagonists. Again the deltoid muscles are the stabilizer muscles. The agonist/antagonist relationship changes depending on which muscle is expected to do the work. However, every muscle group has an opposing muscle group. The following table lists muscles and their opposing counterparts: AGONIST (Prime Mover) ANTAGONIST Biceps Triceps Deltoids Latissimus Dorsi Pectoralis Major Trapezius/Rhomboids Rectus Abdominis Erector Spinae Iliopsoas Gluteus Maximus Quadriceps Hamstrings Hip Adductor Gluteus Medius Tibialis Anterior Gastrocnemius In reference to Agonist and Antagonist, this above list could easily be reversed when exercising the muscles in the right hand column. Muscle balance is that relationship between the Agonist and Antagonist. It is important to have muscle balance to prevent injury. If the Agonist is much stronger than the Antagonist is, the Agonist can overpower and injure the Antagonist. Tendons are made up of fibrous tissue and connect muscle to bone. Tendonitis is an inflammation of the tendon due to overuse. A stretching or tearing of the tendon is referred to as a strain. A strain is a muscle or tendon injury. Ligaments are also fibrous tissue and connect bone to bone. They are less flexible than tendons. The function of ligaments is to restrict the joint movement within normal parameters. When a ligament is over stretched or torn it is called a sprain. Since ligaments don't have a vascular system, they may take a very long time to repair or may never return to their original length. This can cause abnormal joint movement and even cartilage and bone wear due to this unrestricted movement. 33 Joint Action Joints provide a fulcrum point for muscles to do work. There are six types of joint action: JOINT ACTION MOVEMENT DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE MOVEMENT Flexion decreasing joint angle Biceps Curl Extension increasing joint angle Triceps Extension Abduction movement away from body centerline Lateral Raises (Deltoids) Adduction movement toward body centerline Horizontal Flyes (Pectorals) Rotation rotation about and axis Twisting the Arm Circumduction 360 degree rotation Arm circle around 34 Intentionally left blank 35 Aerobic Training The mechanics of aerobic exercise require that oxygen be brought in by the lungs and transferred to the blood vessels. Oxygen rich blood is then pumped by the heart to the muscles. The muscles utilize oxygen for muscle contraction. Through routine aerobic activity, the body becomes more efficient at processing oxygen. Examples of aerobic activity include running, jogging, biking, rowing, walking. In fact any exercise that incorporates large muscle groups, raises the heart rate, breathing rate and body temperature is aerobic in nature. Benefits · Increases cardiorespiratory and cardiovascular system outputs · Strengthens heart · Decreases resting heart rate · Improves circulation by clearing out cholesterol buildup · Body adapts to burn fat as primary fuel source · Improves psychological disposition and reduces stress levels · Raises basal metabolic rate · Decreases blood pressure · Reduces LDL blood cholesterol level · Tones muscles · Improved balance and posture · Increases Blood Oxygen level · Increases flexibility, reducing capability for injury Weekly Requirements and Limitations Fitness Level gains are determined by Frequency, Intensity and Duration of the Aerobic exercise. Each session (duration) should last from 20 to 60 minutes and be performed 3 to 5 days per week (frequency) at an intensity level measured by heart rate (55% - 85%) according to the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). During the first 15 minutes of aerobic activity, glycogen or sugar within the muscles is used for energy. Fat metabolism for energy doesn't occur until about 15 to 20 minutes after beginning aerobic activity. This is why it's important that aerobic duration be at least 30 minutes. Aerobic sessions greater than 1 hour continue to burn fat but at not the same rate as during the first hour. Additionally, sessions greater than 1 hour increase the risk of injury due to fatigue. Increasing aerobic frequency (greater than 5 times per week) does not give the body a chance to fully recover and can even reduce the body's capability to defend itself against illness. It is important to listen to what your body is trying to tell you. Rest, adequate sleep, proper diet all become more critical when demands are placed on our bodies above the normal everyday physical stress. 36 Diet Requirements The type of fuel you put in a vehicle depends on the performance you expect out of it. The same is true of our body. Unlike weight training, aerobic training has two main goals. The first is to improve cardiovascular performance, the second to burn fat. Both of these goals can be realized during the same aerobic session. If the goal is to simply improve cardiovascular strength then we need to target performance. Like weight training, we want to consume a complex carbohydrate snack before aerobics. A sugar snack will not provide the sustained energy and in fact may decrease performance. Excessive sugar intake before aerobic activity can work against the participant. When large amounts of sugar are ingested, the pancreas must secrete insulin to metabolize the sugar. Insulin levels in the blood inhibit the liver from metabolizing fat. Therefore little or no fat burning takes place during exercise. This includes sugary drinks, i.e., sport drinks which, stay in the stomach much longer than ordinary cold water thereby inhibiting quick hydration. Therefore, if the goal is to burn fat, then water only should be consumed before aerobics. Types of Aerobic Activities Anything that maintains the target heart rate 60% - 90% of the Maximum Heart Rate is considered aerobic. If the heart rate is lower, then aerobic levels have not been reached. If the heart rate is higher, then an anaerobic level has been reached. During anaerobic exercise (sprinting) protein is being consumed and energy is being produced without the benefit of oxygen. High intensity, high impact aerobics is not necessary to burn fat. For example, running for 1-mile burns only 20% more fat than brisk walking for 1 mile. It's important to focus on the exercise and maintain the target heart rate. Watching TV, reading books or other similar activity tends to distract the participant from monitoring the target heart rate. Use music with sufficient beats per minute to intensify the exercise session (120 - 140 bpm). It is important to provide a period for cool-down. Abruptly stopping aerobic activity can cause blood pooling in your lower extremities or making you feel lightheaded. Pregnancy During pregnancy, no exercise should be performed in the supine position after the fourth month. Target heart rate should not exceed 140 bpm. Avoid exercises that incorporate extreme flexed or extended joint positions. Joints are looser in the latter part of pregnancy. Also avoid jumping movements due to joint and tissue laxity. It is important to maintain the current fitness levels during pregnancy and not try to increase or improve the fitness level. The time to do this is before pregnancy not during. Keep Aerobic/Step moves basic and simple. High step heights can become dangerous due to the body's change in the center of gravity. Recommended step heights are 4 to 6 inches. Keep strenuous activities down to a duration of 15 minutes at a time. It is also very important to avoid the Valsalva maneuver (holding the breath) during exercise. It robs not only the baby of oxygen but oxygen starved muscles can cramp easily. 37 Maximum Heart Rate The Maximum Heart Rate is determined by the participant's age. This is the level that must never be exceeded. Never exercise even near the maximum heart rate. Drugs, illness, coffee, and alcohol can push the heart rate to dangerous levels. The maximum heart rate is determined as follows: Maximum HR = 220 - Age Resting Heart Rate Heart rate is an accurate measure of your performance during the aerobic session. However, it is not the only indicator of your fitness level. The Resting Heart Rate (RHR) needs to be determined, particularly if you plan to use the Karvonen method of determining your target heart rate. The resting heart rate is measured for three consecutive mornings before you get out of bed. Keep a watch or clock with a second hand to count the beats and count for 10 seconds then multiply the total 10-second count by 6. The number you get is your resting heart rate. As your cardiovascular system becomes stronger, the resting heart rate will become lower. You will then need to repeat the above measurement. Target Heart Rate The Target Heart Rate is the heart rate range that the participant should try to maintain during exercise. The participant's fitness level determines which of the three intensity levels Beginner, Intermediate or Advanced should be maintained. For each category, approximately 4 to 6 weeks should pass before moving to the next level assuming at least three aerobic sessions a week. LEVEL Beginner Intermediate Advanced Target HR 60% - 70% 70% - 80% 80% - 90% Heart rate should be measured every 15 to 20 minutes for experienced participants of aerobic exercise and every 5 - 10 minutes for beginners. Pulse rate can be measured from one of two anatomical sites, the carotid artery or the anterior wrist. Counting should begin within 5 seconds after exercise stops and begin with zero. Count the number of beats for 10 seconds then multiply by six to get the beats per minute. Beta-Blocker medication lowers the overall heart rate. Raising the arms overhead produces a higher heart rate known as the Pressor response. If the heart rate is too low, use full range of motion and more arm movement. Conversely, if the heart rate is too high, shorten the range of motion and reduce or eliminate arm movement. During pregnancy, heart rates should not exceed 140 bpm. There are two methods for calculation of the target heart rate. The Standard Method is the quick method and uses an intensity range of 60% to 90% of the maximum heart rate. The Karvonen method incorporates the individuals resting heart rate and is therefore the more accurate method. This method uses an intensity range of 50% to 85%. 38 An example calculation using the Standard Method for a 40 year old for a desired aerobic intensity of 75% would be: Standard Target HR = %Intensity/100 * (Maximum HR) = 0.75 * (220 - 40) = 135 An example calculation using the Karvonen Method for a 40 year old with a resting heart rate of 50 bpm for a desired aerobic intensity of 75% would be: Karvonen Target HR = %intensity/100 * (Maximum HR - Resting HR) + Resting HR = 0.75 * (220 - 40 - 50) + 50 = 147 39 Target Heart Rate Chart Target Heart Rate Table AGE BEGINNER LEVEL 60%-70% INTERMEDIATE LEVEL 70%-80% ADVANCED LEVEL 80%-90% BEATS/MIN BEATS/10 SEC BEATS/MIN BEATS/10 SEC BEATS/MIN BEATS/10 SEC up to 19 120 - 140 20 - 24 138 - 155 23 - 25 150 - 174 25 - 29 20 - 24 120 - 140 20 - 24 138 - 155 23 - 25 144 - 174 24 - 29 25 - 29 115 - 137 18 - 22 135 - 152 22 - 25 144 - 166 24 - 29 30 - 34 110 - 133 18 - 22 131 - 147 21 - 24 138 - 162 23 - 27 35 - 39 110 - 130 18 - 21 128 - 142 21 - 23 136 - 160 22 - 26 40 - 44 96 - 126 16 - 21 124 - 139 20 - 23 128 - 151 21 - 25 45 - 49 96 - 123 16 - 20 121 - 135 20 - 22 126 - 146 21 - 25 50 - 54 90 - 119 15 - 19 117 - 132 19 - 22 120 - 142 20 - 23 55 - 59 90 - 116 15 - 19 114 - 130 19 - 21 110 - 139 18 - 23 60 + 90 - 112 15 - 18 110 - 127 18 -21 100 - 134 16 - 22 Post these charts in your class or workout area. Charts courtesy of INTERNATIONAL FITNESS ASSOC. - www.ifafitness.com 40 Recovery Heart Rate The heart rate should be below 120 after 2 to 5 minutes after exercise stops depending on fitness level. If the heart rate is higher, insufficient cool-down or low fitness level may be the cause. Slow heart rate recovery can also be due to illness or exercising too vigorously. If this is the case, reduce the intensity of the exercise thereby adjusting the heart rate. Final heart rate check at the end of the aerobic workout should be below 100 bpm. Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Generally, if you can't talk during exercise, you're training too hard. However, a more accurate method of measuring exercise intensity is the Rating of Perceived Exertion. To put it simply, imagine a scale of 6 to 20 and try to determine where your intensity level is on that scale. That number will be very close to your heart rate. To simplify further, you can narrow the scale down when exercising to a scale of 10 to 18. This would correspond to a heart rate of 100 to 180. It is beneficial to become familiar with this method so that you are always aware of your heart rate when exercising. This allows you to constantly monitor your heart rate and adjust the intensity of your exercise to remain within the target zone. This method should not replace direct heart rate measurement due to inherent inaccuracy but serve as an adjunct to it. Blood Pressure Blood pressure readings consist of two numbers, systolic and diastolic pressures. The systolic pressure is a measurement of how forceful the heart is pumping blood when it contracts in the pumping stage. If this reading is too high, then the heart is working too hard. The diastolic pressure is the measurement of the force existing within the relaxed arteries between heartbeats. If this number is high it could be indicative of clogged or constricted blood vessels. Digital blood pressure monitors are available at many department and drug stores and provide an easy method of taking a reading. When a reading is taken in the doctor's office, he first wraps the cuff around your arm and pumps it up with air effectively cutting off the circulation to the lower arm. As he pumps air into the cuff, a mercury pressure gauge provides an increasing reading of the pressure within the cuff. Listening through a stethoscope, he begins to slowly let the air out and the gauge begins to fall. At the moment he hears the pulse start back up, he records the level on the gauge. This is the systolic pressure. He continues to release air from the cuff. When he can no longer hear your pulse, he records that reading from the gauge. That is your diastolic pressure. A reading of 120/80 or lower is considered good. A reading of 140/90 or above is considered high blood pressure. It is important to see a doctor to determine if medication is required if high blood pressure is indicated. Exercising with high blood pressure and without medication could cause serious consequences. Exercise raises the heart rate and associated cardiovascular pressures, which can push a borderline reading to excessive levels. Certain foods can elevate blood pressure by constricting blood vessels or increasing heart rate. The Valsalva Maneuver or holding the breath while performing an exercise can increase blood pressure to extremely high and dangerous levels. Blood pressures of nearly 400/350 have been recorded during such actions. Existing aneurysms can burst, blood vessels in the eye can rupture and even retinas can tear (Valsalva Retinopathy). This is a common and dangerous practice. It is also the job of the trainer or spotter to recognize when the breath is being held and bring it to the exerciser's attention immediately. 41 Proper Attire for Specific Activity Proper attire is just as important as all the other requirements for effective exercise. Running shoes provide the needed heel cushioning but lack in the side to side lateral support for required for aerobics. Aerobic shoes are generally available for women. However, men's aerobic shoes are scarce. A good cross trainer shoe provides all the necessary support for aerobics. Athletic shoes should fit properly. Break in period does not apply to athletic shoes they should fit comfortably from the beginning. Depending on the amount of use they get, insoles may wear out before the shoes show signs of external wear. It is important to wear clothing that allows the skin to breathe. The body utilizes sweating to regulate temperature. Clothes that restrict the cooling of the skin are not recommended. It's important to wear clothing that allows the body to ventilate. If evaporation does not occur, the wet clothing will continue to help radiate body heat. This can lead to loss of excess body heat after exercise when heat retention is important. Cotton soaks up sweat readily, but stays wet. Wool, however, continues to provide body warmth even when wet. Nylon doesn't allow water to permeate through. Obviously, layers are important in cold weather environments. Layers allow you to remove and replace outer garments as the need arises. Hats are equally important in cold weather since a considerable amount of body heat can be lost through the head. In warm weather, wear loose clothing that allows sweat evaporation. Again, cotton dries slower than man-made materials. A combination of cotton and polyester combines the absorption and wicking qualities of each material. Specific Aerobic Activities Running · Use a good running shoe. · Land on the heel and rotate to the toe, except when sprinting stay on toes. · Use orthotic inserts if necessary. · Restrict vertical movement, don't slam down, and glide. Stair Master · Use the handrails for balance only, not for support. · Keep back and head straight up in vertical alignment. · Using 8 to 10 inch step strokes uses 15% more energy. Stationary Bicycle · Restrict side flex movement. · Assume upper body slightly forward with head upright. · Adjust seat for near full leg extension. 42 Teaching Aerobics Class Preparation Step height should be dependent on participant's height and fitness level and familiarity with Step Aerobics. Even athletes should limit the step height to the lowest possible height until the coordination is achieved on the step. Under no circumstances should the step height be high enough to require a 90 degree or greater flexion of the knee. A maximum of 60 degrees is sufficient for all higher intensity levels. Always ask if anyone is new to step. Keep a watchful eye on new people to insure their adherence to safety standards. They may not be aware of their limits yet. We all have a tendency to get complacent over time so always instruct participants in the proper technique, regardless if there are new people present or not. Instructors should be conscious of the fact that the class will try to follow your intensity level. Therefore, if you use more than one-step riser, the class will follow even if they are not ready. Considering all the classes that we generally do in a week, it's not really necessary to use more than one riser. The additional stress on your shins, knees and ankles may manifest itself in time. As instructors we sometimes don't get the chance to follow ACSM guidelines for alternate days of aerobic activity to heal properly. Proper technique, enough sleep and proper diet are of utmost importance. Before starting class make sure that all towels, weights or other items are stowed under the board or at the wall so as not to provide a hazard during class. Insure that each step participant has a minimum of 25 square feet of space. In other words, a 5-foot by 5-foot area with the step positioned in the middle of this area. Begin with a progressive, limbering warm-up and stretch period followed by stepping with a tap up then basic step up moves. Progressively add arm and then leg changes. Observe the class's response to cueing. This will give you an idea of the overall class experience level. Adjust the class accordingly. Face the class providing a mirror image of the moves. During such maneuvers as turn step or over the top (not across the top), it may be less confusing to the class and therefore easier for them to follow if you face front. Remain flexible in your teaching style and use common sense guided by the participant's perspective. Intensity and Complexity There is a misconception of what constitutes beginner, intermediate and advanced levels of aerobics. Generally, people equate class level with choreographic complexity. It is physical exercise intensity level alone that determines class level and subsequently heart rate. Complex moves, although fine for dance enthusiasts, can be defeating and demoralizing to most of the people who are trying to learn complex dance moves when they are really there to burn fat. Intensity can be better served by utilizing large muscle groups quantitatively. Complex dance moves can be icing on the cake after the intensity level has been achieved by the aforementioned method. In many cases this may serve as a great cool-down method since intensity and subsequently heart rate generally drops as the participant slows down to learn new steps. Therefore, beginner, intermediate and advanced level classes can be grouped further into two categories, complex and non-complex denoting the choreographic complexity. Leg muscles and arm movements will also add to intensity level. Intensity level can be reduced by placing hands on the waist while continuing to step, by reducing the height of the step or by reducing the tempo of the music. Step heights of 4 inches provide intensity levels near those of walking briskly. A step height of 12 inches exhibits near the same energy level as jogging at 5 to 7 mph. 43 Components of an Aerobic Class Aerobic classes are generally one hour in length. The warm-up segment should last about 10 minutes and be composed of limbering type exercises to provide a core body temperature increase. Warming up the muscles is of prime importance in preventing injury due to the fact that they are more elastic. Lower body stretching should then be done for about 5 more minutes. Begin stepping using simple moves. The aerobic segment should last about 25 minutes and should increase gradually in intensity and complexity. All moves should be less than full range until full warm-up is achieved. Heart rate can be checked about half way through the aerobic segment and is a good time for a water break. The class should be adjusted according to the results of the heart rate check. A cooldown segment follows the aerobic segment lasting about 5 minutes. Heart rate should then be checked again to assure a rate of less than 120 bpm. Anyone still at a higher level should be instructed to continue marching or walking around the room. Floor work should then begin and continue for the next 10 minutes followed by stretching for the last 5 minutes. None of these times are cast in stone and may be adjusted accordingly. For example, the instructor can reduce the aerobic segment to 20 minutes and increase the final stretching segment to 10 minutes. 44 Types of Classes 1. HIGH IMPACT AEROBICS (135-160 bpm): Moves that use large muscles to propel the body into the air, with both feet leaving the ground. Examples include jogging, jumping jacks, hops, traveling kicks, etc. This type is good for challenging the cardiovascular system. 2. LOW IMPACT AEROBICS (133-148 bpm): Moves that stay low to the ground, with one foot remaining on the floor. Examples include walking, marching, lunges, squats, side jacks, heels-up, knees-up, step touches, etc. Offers a high intensity with a reduced the risk of injury. 3. MID-TEMPO AEROBICS (130-140 bpm): Moves similar to low impact aerobics but performed at a slower tempo. In addition to low impact aerobic workouts, Mid-Tempo is ideal for slide, aqua or pre-natal workouts and age specific groups. 4. STEP AEROBICS (120-127 bpm): Moves that incorporate up and down movements on a platform (step). Step moves include basic steps, lunges, turn steps, V-steps, over-the-top steps, L-steps and knee-lifts. 5. SUPER STEP AEROBICS (126-138 bpm): Similar to step aerobics but using a faster tempo. Intended for advanced classes, Super Step aerobics revolves around half-time power moves (squats, forward lunges, isolation holds, etc.), as well as the basic step moves. 6. INTERVAL (Alternating 123-150 bpm): Alternates high and low intensity movements, which might alternate, step and aerobic combinations to challenge the cardiovascular system. 7. CIRCUIT (123-126 bpm): Alternates aerobic activity with resistance activity. The general ratio is 3 minutes of aerobics to 1.5 minutes of resistance training to improve the cardiovascular system and increase muscular strength. 8. WARM-UP (135-140 bpm): Moderate movements performed to prepare the body for vigorous exercise. Warm-up movements typically include simple actions of the large muscle groups, starting small and gradually increasing. A warm-up also includes stretching the muscles that will be used in the activities to follow. A typical warm-up is approximately 10 minutes long. 9. CARDIO (bpm varies with the type of class): The portion of the class designed to work the cardiovascular system (see 1-7 above). The cardio segment is approximately 35 minutes long. 10. POST-CARDIO (bpm varies with the type of class): Movements performed after the cardio (i.e. aerobics. step etc.) segment of a class. These help the cardiovascular system transition from a high intensity workout to normal activity, and bring breathing and heart rate back to normal levels. This portion of the class also includes resistance activities such as abdominal work, free weights, Resist-A-Balls, etc. This segment of class is typically 10 minutes long. 11. COOL DOWN (Use slow relaxing music): Movements designed to lengthen the muscles after exercise return to the cardiovascular system to resting levels. A cool down typically combines stretching with slow, deep breathing, and slow rhythmic arm movements. A cool down is approximately 5 minutes long. 45 Choreography A 32-count phrase refers to the numbers of beats or pulses that go by in one "phrase" of music and is therefore a 32-count phrase. Music is naturally divided into phrases, which can be broken into smaller parts called measures, which normally consist of 4 beats of music. If you were to put 8 measures together, you would have 32 beats or counts of music. These 32-count phrases are the building blocks for complete songs. The phrases create patterns that you can follow and use as an instructor. A typical song might have a 32-count phrase which is the introduction, then a 32-count phrase which is the verse, then a 32- count phrase which is the bridge, then a 32-count phrase which is the chorus, and so on. Music that is phrased in 32 counts makes it possible for instructors to choreograph combinations and routines that end up "on the right beat". Without 32 counts, it will be difficult to follow the music and your routine will finish on the wrong foot. Class participants can detect if you are on the beat or not especially students that are musically inclined. Moves or combinations should be structured in 32 count blocks so that you begin and end exactly on beat. Create patterns of movement that follow the patterns of the music to add incredible energy to your classes, along with a sense of smoothness and organization. To build a 32-count combination, choose 4 moves that go together. An example of 4 moves might be: 1. Step - touch 2. Step - hamstring 3. Grapevine 4. Jumping jacks Now that you have 4 moves that go together, perform each move for 8 counts. Step 1 wo